Summary Table Layer | Name | Function | Examples | 7 | Application | User-facing services | HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS | 6 | Presentation | Data translation, encryption, compression | SSL/TLS, JPEG, PNG, MIME | 5 | Session | Session management, synchronization | NetBIOS, RPC, SIP, SMB | 4 | Transport | End-to-end reliability, flow control | TCP, UDP, port numbers | 3 | Network | Routing, logical addressing | IP, ICMP, routers, OSPF | 2 | Data Link | Node-to-node transfer, error detection | Ethernet, PPP, MAC, switches | 1 | Physical | Bit transmission, hardware specs | Cables, hubs, Wi-Fi signals |
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