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MACHINE ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT

4. Key Architectural Models

Key Architectural Models

Several architectural models have shaped the design of modern computers:

a. Von Neumann Architecture

  • Description: A design where the CPU, memory, and I/O devices are interconnected via a single bus.
  • Key Features:
    • Stored-program concept: Instructions and data are stored in the same memory.
    • Sequential execution of instructions.
  • Impact: Foundation of most modern computers.

b. Harvard Architecture

  • Description: A design with separate memory spaces for instructions and data.
  • Key Features:
    • Parallel access to instructions and data.
    • Commonly used in embedded systems and microcontrollers.
  • Example: ARM processors.