Problem Formulation and Techniques

1. Problem formulation: Identifying research problems and formulating research questions.

1.1. Types of Research Problems

Across fields and disciplines, there are different types of research problems. We can broadly categorize them into three types.

Theoretical research problems

Theoretical research problems deal with conceptual and intellectual inquiries that may not involve empirical data collection but instead seek to advance our understanding of complex concepts, theories, and phenomena within their respective disciplines. For example, in the social sciences, research problems may be casuist (relating to the determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct or conscience), difference (comparing or contrasting two or more phenomena), descriptive (aims to describe a situation or state), or relational (investigating characteristics that are related in some way).

Here are some theoretical research problem examples:

Problem: How do genetic mutations in tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer progression?
(This focuses on understanding fundamental biological mechanisms.)

Problem: What are the limitations of quantum computing algorithms in solving NP-hard problems?
(This explores fundamental principles without immediate application.)

Problem: What is the relationship between transformational leadership and employee motivation?
(This examines abstract concepts and relationships.)

Applied research problems

Applied or practical research problems focus on addressing real-world challenges and generating practical solutions to improve various aspects of society, technology, health, and the environment.

Here are some applied research problem examples:

Problem: What is the effectiveness of a new drug in reducing the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
(This focuses on testing solutions based on existing theories.)

Problem: How can machine learning models improve the accuracy of medical image diagnosis?
(This applies theoretical computing knowledge to solve real-world problems.)

Problem: How can AI-driven predictive analytics enhance supply chain efficiency?
(This applies theories to develop practical business solutions.)

Action research problems

Action research problems aim to create positive change within specific contexts by involving stakeholders, implementing interventions, and evaluating outcomes in a collaborative manner.

Here are some action research problem examples:

Problem: How can hospital staff improve patient adherence to post-surgical care guidelines?
(This involves real-time problem-solving in a specific setting.)

Problem: How can a software company improve the security of its cloud-based applications using employee feedback?
(This is a practical approach to solving an immediate issue.)

Problem: How can a retail company reduce employee turnover through new HR policies?
(This involves implementing and testing changes in a real-world setting.)

These different types of research problems may give you some ideas when you plan on developing your own.