Overview of Module

2.4. Based on Data Collection Techniques

Research can also be classified based on the tools and techniques used for data collection.

a) Experimental Research

• Experimental Research is a type of research design that is used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating one or more independent variables and observing the resulting changes in one or more dependent variables.
• This approach allows researchers to control for other factors and test hypotheses in a controlled, systematic way.
• In experimental research, the researcher typically manipulates the independent variable(s) to examine their impact on the dependent variable(s), while holding other potential influences constant (through controls, random assignment, etc.).
• By doing so, researchers can draw conclusions about causality—whether changes in the independent variable(s) cause changes in the dependent variable(s).
• Purpose: To determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one variable and observing its effect on another.
• Approach: Involves controlled environments where variables can be manipulated and outcomes measured.
• Example:
  • Testing the effect of different teaching strategies on student performance in a controlled setting.
  • Observing the relationship between diet and health outcomes without intervening.
  • Testing a new drug for cancer treatment by comparing it against a placebo or standard treatment.
• Methods: Laboratory experiments, field experiments.
• Experimental Research is a powerful method for establishing causal relationships and understanding how changes in one variable can directly influence another.
• Its high level of control, precision, and ability to test hypotheses makes it a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, especially in fields like medicine, psychology, education, and marketing.
• However, ethical issues, artificial settings, and generalizability concerns can limit its application in certain contexts.

b) Non-Experimental Research

• Non-experimental research is a type of research design where the researcher does not manipulate variables or control the environment to test hypotheses. Instead, it focuses on observing, analyzing, and interpreting natural occurrences or behaviors in their usual settings. It’s more about understanding relationships or patterns as they exist, without interference.
• Non-experimental research is widely used in fields like psychology, sociology, education, and public health because it allows researchers to gather valuable data in real-world settings.
• Purpose: To observe relationships between variables without manipulating them.
• Approach: Often used in situations where experiments are not feasible or ethical.
• Methods: Surveys, case studies, observational studies.