PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF FIRST AID

1. SHOCK, FAINTING, UNCOUNCIOUSNESS

It is a citical condition that is brought by a sudden drop in blood flow through the body. the circulatory system fails to maintain adequate blood flow, sharply curtailing the delivery of oxygen and nuitrients to vital organs. it also compromises the kidneys and so restrict the removalof waste from the body. shock can be due to number of different mechanism, including not enough blood volume and not enough output of blood by the heart.

sign and symptoms include; low blood pressue(hypotention, over breathing (hyperventilation), weak rapid pulse, cold clammy skin, decrease urine flow (oliguria), anxiety, sweating, weakness,confussion and dizziness. 

TYPES OF SHOCK

Hypovulemic shock: shock due to a decrease in blood volume from bleeding, loss of blood plasma through severeburns, or dehydration.

Anaphylactic shock: it occures in patients already expose to antigen and who have develop anti bodies to it. patient with known allergies should understand the consequence of subsequent exposureto the antigen.

Septic shock: the most type of circulatory shock , is coursed by wide spread infection.

Neurogenic shock: In neurogenic shock , vaso dilatation occure as a result of a  loss of balance between  parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation. sympathetic stimulation couses vascular smooth muscle to contrict while parasympathetic stimulation courses vascular smooth muscle to relax or dilate. the patient experience a pridominant parasympathetic stimulation that courses vaso dilatation lasting for an extented period leadng to a relative hypovolemic state. the blood volume is adequate but is beeing displaced leading to hypotensive low plood pressure. 

Cardiogenic shock: it occure when the heart ability to contract and to pump blood is impaired and the supply of oxygen is inadequate,  for the heart and the tissures. the courses of cardiogenic shock are known as either coronary and non coronary heart disease. but the coronary is mostly seen in patient with myocadiac infection (MI) resulting in damage to a significant portion of the left ventricular myocardium. 

Hemorragic shock:, Resulting from acute hemorrhage characterised by hypotention, pale cold skin and oliguria.

MANAGEMENT OOF SHOCK

Lie the patient down with his head turn to one side to prevent the tongue from falling back.

Raise his foot up to increase blood circulation to the vital organs.

making sure that airway is open.

reduce crowed.

provide fresh air(good ventilation or  mouth to mouh using a barier e.g thin napkin or hankachief).

If posible give water.

reassure patient and relations.

call for assistant. 

Partial or complete loss of conciousness with interruption of awareness of oneself and one sorrounding, when the loss of conciousness is temporary and there is spontaneous recovery , it is refered to as syncope or in non medical quater as fainting. is due to temporary reduction in blood flow and therefore a shortage of oxygen to the brain, this lead to blackout episode, a loss of conciousness. 

                TYPE OF FAINTING.

Defication/urination syncope, swallowing syncope,coughing syncope,high blood pressure syncope and postural syncope.

UNCOUNCIOUSNESS

Interruption of awareness of one self and one soroundings. Lack of ability to notice or respond to stimuli in the environment. a person may become unconcious due to oxygen deprivation, shock, central nervous depressants such as alcohol, drugs or even injury. 

HEAD AND NECK  INJURY

FIRST AID for head and spinAL INJURIES INVOLVES KEEPING THE PERSON STILL, maintainning an open airway, and applaying pressure tp the bleedind wounds also head should be kept in line their neck. calm the patient and losen thight clothing , do not move the patient unless in danger,  you should then call an emmergency services, if ambulance is delayed then you can apply cervical collar if you are trained to do so and available.