2. Based on the functionality of AI

AI can primarily be divided into four different categories based on functionality. Let us have a look at each:

i. Reactive AI

These machines are the most basic type of AI system and perform best when all parameters are known. These machines do not have any memory or understanding of historical data and will not perform desirably in case of imperfect information input. These are good for simple classification and pattern recognition tasks where they specialize in just one field of work and can beat humans by their capacities to make faster calculations.

For example, in a chess game, the machine observes the opponents’ moves and makes the best possible decision toward its win. This means reactive machines always respond to identical situations in the exact same way every time. Face recognition is another example.

ii. Limited memory

Limited memory AI can complete complex classification tasks and uses historical data to make predictions. They keep building on their memory, that is, storing the previous data and predictions, but memory is minimal. For example, this machine can suggest a restaurant based on the location data, food preference, and other such parameters that have been gathered. 

Self-driving cars are limited memory AI. These use sensors to identify humans and animals crossing the road, obstacles on the path, steep roads, traffic signals, and so on to make better driving decisions.

iii. Theory of Mind

A robot or a system powered by the Theory of Mind AI will be able to communicate deeper with human beings with its ability to understand thoughts, emotions, and feelings and adjust its behavior (social interaction) in accordance. Such robots/systems will be able to explain their actions, and this is different from the current generation of AI. Theory of Mind AI-powered systems will be able to simulate the consequences of their actions. A new study describes a robot that can predict how another robot will behave, a first step in developing the so-called Theory of Mind. However, a machine based on this type is yet to be built in its entirety.

iv. Self-aware

Self-aware machines are the future generation of these new AI technologies. No such system is yet known to have been developed that possesses intelligence, is sentient, and is conscious. Such self-aware systems will be able to interact with and understand both humans and other AIs.