Section outline

    • INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY AND ATOMIC THEORY Book
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      Introduction to Chemistry

      Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. It helps us understand what substances are made of, how they interact, and how new substances are formed.
      It connects to other sciences such as biology, physics, and medicine — explaining everyday phenomena like cooking, rusting, digestion, and the use of medicines.

      Chemistry is often called the central science because it links physical sciences with life sciences and applied fields like engineering and environmental science.

      Atomic Theory

      Atomic theory explains that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. These atoms combine in various ways to form all the substances we see.

      • John Dalton (1808) proposed the first modern atomic theory, stating that:

        1. All matter is made of atoms.

        2. Atoms of the same element are identical, but different from those of other elements.

        3. Atoms combine in simple ratios to form compounds.

        4. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

      Later discoveries — such as electrons (Thomson), the nucleus (Rutherford), and energy levels (Bohr) — refined Dalton’s model, leading to the modern atomic theory, which describes atoms as having a dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels or orbitals.


    • INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY AND ATOMIC THEORY Page
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      Introduction to Chemistry

      Chemistry is the branch of science that studies matter, its composition, structure, properties, and the changes it undergoes during reactions. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
      Chemistry helps us understand the substances that make up our world — from the air we breathe and the food we eat to the materials used in technology and medicine.
      It is often called the central science because it connects physics, biology, and other sciences.

      Atomic Theory

      Atomic theory explains that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
      This idea has developed over time through the contributions of several scientists:

      • Democritus (400 BC): First suggested that matter is made up of small indivisible particles called “atoms.”

      • John Dalton (1808): Proposed the first modern atomic theory — atoms of each element are identical and combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.

      • J.J. Thomson (1897): Discovered the electron using the cathode ray experiment and proposed the “plum pudding” model.

      • Ernest Rutherford (1911): Discovered the nucleus and proposed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged center.

      • Niels Bohr (1913): Suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels.

      • Modern Atomic Theory: Describes electrons as existing in orbitals (regions of probability) rather than fixed paths — based on quantum mechanics.


    • CHM 101 Quiz
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      CHM 101

    • CHM 101 ASSIGNMENT
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      ANSWER THE FOLLOING QUESTION 

      1. Differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry, giving one medically relevant compound from

          each branch.

      2.  Explain the scientific method, using an example from a health laboratory test.

      3.  Discuss how the state of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) is important in medicine, citing one

            medical device or example for each.

      4. Using examples from healthcare, differentiate between pure substances and mixtures. Why is purity

           critical in the preparation of intravenous (IV) fluids and medications?

      5. Explain with examples the difference between extensive and intensive properties of matter. Why must

          medical professionals distinguish between these when dosing patients?

      6. Matter in the body undergoes both physical and chemical changes daily.” Justify this statement using at least
           three examples that involve physiological or biochemical processes