COMPUTER SOFTWARE

•        The first computer, Z1, was made in 1936 – 1938. Unfortunately, this computer ran without an operating system.

•        Twenty years later, the first-ever operating system was made in 1956 GM-NAA I/O by General MotorsIBM 704.

•        In the 1960s, bell labs started working on building UNIX, the first multitasking operating system.

•        In 1977 the apple series came into existence. Apple Dos 3.3 was the first disk operating system.

•        In 1981, Microsoft built the first operating system called DOS by purchasing 86 – DOS software from a Seattle company.

•        The most famous Microsoft windows came into existence in 1985 when MS-DOS was paired with GUI, a graphics environment. 

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM (O S)

1.  Batch Operating System    There is no direct communication between the computer and the OS

•        There is an intermediate, the Operator, which needs to distribute the work into batches and sort similar jobs

•        Multiple users can use it

•        Can easily manager a large amount of work

2.  Real-Time Operating System

•        It has a data processing system

•        The processing time is very small between the user‘s command and the output

•        Used in fields where the response needs to be quick and rapid

3.  Time-Sharing Operating System

•        Multiple people at various terminals can use a program at the same time 

•        The main motive is to minimize the response time

4.  Distributed Operating System

•        When two or more systems are connected to each other and one can open files which are not present in their system but in other devices connected in the network

•        Its usage has now increased over the years

•        They use multiple central processors to serve real-time applications

•        Failure of one system does not affect the other systems connected in the network

5.  Embedded Operating System

•        These special Operating systems are built into larger systems

•        They generally are limited to single specific functions like an ATM

6.  Network Operating System

•        They have one main server which is connected to other client servers

•        All the management of files, processing of data, access to sharing files, etc. are performed over this small network

•        It is also a secure operating system for working with multiple users

7.  Mobile Operating System

•        With the advancement in the field of technology, smartphones now are released with an Operating system. 

•        They are designed in a manner that they can help a small device work efficiently

Functions of Operating System

1.     Processor Management: An operating system manages the processor‘s work by allocating various jobs to it and ensuring that each process receives enough time from the processor to function properly.

2.     Memory Management: An operating system manages the allocation and de-allocation of the memory to various processes and ensures that the other process does not consume the memory allocated to one process.

3.     Device Management: There are various input and output devices. An OS controls the working of these input-output devices. It receives the requests from these devices, performs a specific task, and communicates back to the requesting process.

4.     File Management: An operating system keeps track of information regarding the creation, deletion, transfer, copy, and storage of files in an organized way. It also maintains the integrity of the data stored in these files, including the file directory structure, by protecting against unauthorized access.

5.     Security: The operating system provides various techniques which assure the integrity and confidentiality of user data. Following security measures are used to protect user data: 

a.     Protection against unauthorized access through login.

b.     Protection against intrusion by keeping Firefall active.

c.     Protecting the system memory against malicious access.

d.     Displaying messages related to system vulnerabilities.

6.     Error Detection: From time to time, the operating system checks the system for any external threat or malicious software activity. It also checks the hardware for any type of damage. This process displays several alerts to the user so that the appropriate action can be taken against any damage caused to the system. 

Job Scheduling: In a multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously, the operating system determines which applications should run in which order and how time should be allocated to each application.