1. Introduction

International relations have traditionally been explained through the interactions of states in an anarchical global system, where power, security, and national interest dominate decision-making. Classical realist theories often treat states as unitary actors, assuming that foreign policy reflects objective national interests rather than internal political dynamics. However, this perspective overlooks a crucial reality: states are governed by domestic political institutions, leaders, interest groups, and public opinion, all of which shape how states behave internationally. Domestic politics plays a significant role in influencing foreign policy choices, diplomatic strategies, and international cooperation or conflict.