1. Introduction

The contemporary international political system is characterized by increasing interdependence among nations. States today are connected through complex networks of economic exchange, political cooperation, technological integration, and social interaction. Unlike earlier periods in world politics, when states could largely pursue self-sufficient and isolationist policies, modern globalization has made national boundaries more permeable and state actions more consequential for others. Growing interdependence has reshaped international relations by altering patterns of cooperation and conflict, redefining sovereignty, and increasing the role of international institutions.