Students will examine how the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis regulates reproductive functions through coordinated hormonal feedback, and how this regulation changes across the lifespan—from puberty to menopause or andropause. Emphasis is placed on the cyclical nature of female reproductive function, spermatogenesis in males, and the interaction of endocrine and local factors that control gamete maturation, ovulation, and hormone secretion.

Clinical and problem-based perspectives are integrated to help students relate normal reproductive physiology to common disorders such as infertility, menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and erectile dysfunction.

Context and Relevance

Understanding reproductive physiology is fundamental to health sciences. It forms the basis for clinical fields such as obstetrics, gynecology, andrology, and endocrinology, and informs public health approaches to family planning, fertility regulation, and reproductive health education.
This module thus bridges the gap between basic physiological mechanisms and applied reproductive health practice.