Chapter 1: Overview of the Endocrine System
Completion requirements
Learning Objectives:
- Define the endocrine system and describe its major functions.
- Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
- Explain the role of hormones in maintaining homeostasis
3. Types and Mechanisms of Hormonal Action
3.3. Receptor Types
1. Membrane Receptor Mechanism (for Water-Soluble Hormones)
- Receptor location: Cell surface.
- Receptor types:
- Direct effects on membrane ion channels (surface receptors)
- Direct activation of intracellular enzymes (surface receptors)
- Activation of G proteins/second messenger system (surface receptors)
- Direct activation of specific genes (intracellular receptors).
Note: A certain receptor type may be present in 100 – 1,000,000 copies on a single cell.
- Mechanism:
- Hormone binds to receptor → activates second messenger system (e.g., cAMP, IP₃/DAG).
- Second messengers amplify the signal inside the cell.
- Examples: Insulin, adrenaline.
2. Intracellular Receptor Mechanism (for Lipid-Soluble Hormones)
- Receptor location: Cytoplasm or nucleus.
- Mechanism:
- Hormone enters cell → binds intracellular receptor → hormone-receptor complex binds DNA → regulates gene expression (transcription).
- Examples: Cortisol, thyroid hormones