Networking Device and Protocols
A network protocol is a standardized set of rules governing how data is formatted, transmitted, received, and interpreted across devices on a network. Think of it as the “language” that ensures different computers can understand each other—even with different hardware or software—and guarantees interoperability
3. Hubs in the OSI and TCP/IP Models
OSI Model:
Physical Layer (Layer 1): Hubs operate exclusively at Layer 1, dealing with electrical/optical signals and physical connections.
Function: Transmits raw bits without interpreting data (no MAC address awareness).
Example: Relaying signals through Ethernet cables or fiber optics.
Link Layer: Hubs operate at the Physical component of the Link layer, handling signal transmission but not data link functions like framing or MAC addressing (handled by NICs).
Example: Broadcasting Ethernet signals to all connected devices.