Networking Technologies
Networking technologies encompass the tools, protocols, devices, and architectures that enable computers and devices to connect, communicate, and share resources across various distances and environments These technologies form the foundational infrastructure of the internet, enterprise systems, smart homes, and cloud service
2. Modem
2.4. Modern Role
Modern Role (Broadband Era):
DSL Modems: Use existing phone lines but in a higher frequency band (to avoid voice interference). Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modems achieve 1–100 Mbps via advanced modulation like DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone).
Cable Modems: Leverage TV coax cables for DOCSIS standards, hitting 1 Gbps+ downstream. They use hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) networks, where the ISP's core is fiber (digital), but the "last mile" to homes is coax (analog-converted).
Fiber Optic Modems (ONTs/ONUs): For GPON/EPON, these handle optical-to-electrical conversion (analog light signals to digital electricity). Speeds exceed 1 Gbps symmetrically.
Mobile/5G Modems: In routers or phones, they modulate data over radio waves (wireless analog medium) for cellular internet.
Satellite Modems: For rural areas (e.g., Starlink), they convert data to/from microwave signals.