6. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

6.1 Copper IUD

  • Prevents fertilization via copper-mediated sperm toxicity
  • Effective for 10+ years
  • May increase menstrual bleeding and cramps

6.2 Hormonal IUD (LNG-IUS)

  • Thickens cervical mucus
  • Thins endometrium
  • Reduces menstrual bleeding—also used therapeutically

6.3 Side Effects & Complications

  • Cramps
  • Expulsion
  • Rare: uterine perforation
  • Infection risk slightly increased during insertion only