7. Permanent Methods

7.1 Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)

  • Blocks or seals fallopian tubes
  • Permanent; suitable for women who have completed family size

7.2 Male Sterilization (Vasectomy)

  • Blocks vas deferens
  • Does not affect sexual function or testosterone
  • Requires semen analysis to confirm azoospermia