Problem Formulation and Techniques
Completion requirements
- This Unit will discuss the key steps involved in identifying research problem, hypothesis formulation and testing, and most importantly developing a research proposal and plan. By following these steps, researchers ensure that their study is thorough, valid, and reliable, leading to meaningful contributions to knowledge in their field.
2. Hypothesis formulation and testing: Defining hypotheses and research assumptions
2.1. Steps in Hypothesis Formulation and Testing:
- Identify the research question: Clearly define the central question the study aims to answer.
- Develop the hypothesis: Formulate a testable statement predicting a relationship between variables based on the research question.
- State the null hypothesis: Formulate a statement that there is no significant effect or relationship between variables.
- Collect data: Gather relevant data using appropriate research methods.
- Analyze data: Use statistical tests to evaluate whether the data supports or contradicts the null hypothesis.
- Interpret results: Draw conclusions based on the analysis, considering the significance level and limitations of the study.
Example:
- Research question: Does regular exercise improve cognitive function in older adults?
- Hypothesis: Individuals who engage in regular exercise will demonstrate significantly better cognitive performance compared to those who do not exercise regularly.
- Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in cognitive performance between individuals who exercise regularly and those who do not.
Important considerations:
- Specificity:
A good hypothesis should be clear, concise, and specific enough to be testable.
- Falsifiable:
The hypothesis should be able to be proven incorrect based on empirical evidence.
- Relevance:
The hypothesis should align with the research question and be relevant to the study's objectives.