3. Anatomy and Development of the Mammary Glands

3.1 Structural Anatomy

  • Mammary glands are modified sweat glands located in the superficial fascia.
  • Key components:
    • Lobes and lobules
    • Alveoli (milk-producing units)
    • Lactiferous ducts and sinuses
    • Nipple and areola
    • Support by Cooper’s ligaments

3.2 Developmental Stages

  • Embryonic development: mammary ridge formation
  • Puberty: estrogen-mediated ductal growth, fat deposition
  • Pregnancy:
    • Estrogen → ductal proliferation
    • Progesterone → alveolar development
    • Prolactin & hPL → differentiation for milk production
  • Postpartum: onset of lactation once progesterone levels fall