1. Introduction to Lactation and Postpartum Physiology

1.1 Overview

  • Lactation is the process of milk synthesis and secretion by the mammary glands.
  • Postpartum physiology covers maternal physiological changes after birth, including endocrine shifts, uterine involution, and metabolic adjustments.
  • Both processes are essential for the survival and development of the newborn and the restoration of maternal homeostasis.

1.2 Learning Objectives

By the end of this module, students should be able to:

  • Describe the anatomy and functional development of the mammary gland.
  • Explain hormonal regulation of lactogenesis and milk let-down.
  • Discuss nutritional and immunological components of breast milk.
  • Outline maternal physiological changes in the postpartum period.
  • Describe mechanisms underlying lactational amenorrhea.
  • Highlight common clinical issues during lactation.